African citizens, including many Kenyans, are increasingly being lured to Russia with promises of lucrative jobs, only to find themselves tragically deployed to the front lines of the war in Ukraine. Mounting reports and investigations reveal a systematic deception, where individuals with no military background are forced to sign contracts with the Russian army and used as "cannon fodder" in the conflict.

One poignant example is Charles Ojiambo Mutoka, 72, who learned that his son, Oscar, was killed fighting for Russia in August 2025. An AFP investigation highlighted the deceptive web trapping men who expected to work as salesmen, security guards, or high-level athletes, only to be thrust into combat. Three of four men investigated returned wounded, having been compelled to sign contracts written in Russian.

In response to these alarming reports, Kenya's Foreign Minister Musalia Mudavadi announced plans to visit Moscow next month. He condemned the practice as "unacceptable and clandestine," emphasizing the need to "arrest" this trend. Mudavadi intends to discuss curbing illegal recruitment, including visa policy and bilateral labor agreements, specifically excluding military conscription. He will also seek the release of Kenyans held as prisoners of war in Ukraine and verify the condition of those hospitalized.

Junior foreign minister Korir Sing’Oei echoed these concerns, stating, "These individuals are used as cannon fodder on the war front... No Kenyan would voluntarily enter into that kind of engagement." He added that it "looks like there's a pattern for luring people and having them die."

The Kenyan government estimates that around 200 of its nationals have been recruited to fight for Russia, although the exact number remains unclear as none traveled through official channels. Ukrainian intelligence, however, estimates a larger scale, suggesting more than 1,400 citizens from 36 African countries have been identified among Russian ranks. In an effort to combat this, Kenyan authorities have closed more than 600 recruitment agencies suspected of duping citizens with false promises of overseas employment. So far, 27 Kenyans who had been fighting for Russia have been repatriated, receiving psychological care to address their trauma and facilitate "de-radicalisation."

Despite the long-standing positive and cordial relations between Kenya and Russia since independence, Mudavadi described this episode as "very unfortunate." He rejected blame placed on the government by some affected families, stating that illegal recruitment agencies are being actively scrapped. Families, however, express profound anguish, reporting that they have been turned away by the Russian embassy in Nairobi and are unable to bury their loved ones whose bodies remain in conflict zones. Efforts are underway with the Ukrainian government to repatriate remains found in Ukraine.

Kenya is not alone in facing this challenge. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa also held talks with Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin regarding South Africans lured into fighting for Russian forces. In November, the South African government received "distress calls" from 17 men trapped in Ukraine's Donbas region after being tricked into joining mercenary forces. Ramaphosa and Putin pledged support for the repatriation process, with teams from both sides continuing engagements. The daughter of South African former president Jacob Zuma is among those accused of recruiting men for Russian mercenaries.

Ukrainian officials have repeatedly warned that anyone fighting for Russia will be treated as an enemy combatant, with surrender and prisoner-of-war status being the only safe route out.