Very few birds in the world have been known to attack humans. One rare example is the Australian magpie, a bird that has been known to swoop down and peck at people, sometimes delivering serious injuries.

But the idea that birds of prey — hawks, eagles and other raptors — have ever looked towards humans as a credible food source is more the stuff of mythology than reality.

Until now. A new study published in Ecology and Evolution reports a scientifically documented case of a Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) attacking an adult human in the Amazon rainforest. This represents the first such instance on record, challenging long-standing assumptions about human-raptor interactions in the Neotropics.

The incident occurred in the interior of French Guiana, where a 29-year-old woman was attacked by a Harpy Eagle while walking with a tourist group near a remote ecotourism camp. The eagle, perched roughly six meters above the trail, had been observed by guides in the area in the days leading up to the incident. Although it initially showed no signs of distress, the raptor suddenly launched a targeted attack as the woman lingered behind the group, seemingly fixated on her movement.

The eagle struck her scalp with its powerful talons, causing several puncture wounds that required medical attention. The woman’s companion managed to intervene, forcing the eagle to release its grip, after which the bird flew away. Though she recovered without lasting injuries, the event shocked both researchers and conservationists.

Harpy Eagles, among the world’s largest and most powerful raptors, are capable of preying on large arboreal mammals such as sloths and monkeys. Females can weigh up to 20 pounds and have been observed carrying prey of comparable size. However, such predation typically occurs high in the forest canopy. Direct attacks on humans in the wild have remained, until now, anecdotal and largely unverified.

(Sidebar: Māori legends speak of a monstrous bird capable of killing humans and carrying them away. Scientists now believe these stories may be rooted in real encounters — learn more here.)

What makes this case especially noteworthy is the context: there were no clear signs of nest defense, no evidence that the bird had been previously imprinted on humans, and no nearby eaglets to protect. While a predatory motive cannot be definitively proven, the absence of other typical triggers suggests this was not a defensive act. It raises the possibility that large raptors may opportunistically view smaller humans as potential prey under certain conditions, especially if isolation or vulnerability is perceived.

These findings provoke a deeper consideration of how large raptors may have historically influenced primate behavior and evolution. The role of predation in shaping sociality among primates is well established, and this incident reinforces the theory that group living offers significant protection against aerial predators. Had the woman been entirely alone, the consequences might have been far more severe.

Furthermore, parallels can be drawn between this modern case and prehistoric examples like the Taung Child — a juvenile hominin from Africa believed to have been killed by an eagle. That evidence, along with the documented predation capabilities of extinct raptors such as Haast’s Eagle of New Zealand or the Cuban Ornimegalonyx, suggests that birds of prey likely exerted selective pressures on early human ancestors.

Despite their rarity, such attacks warrant scientific attention — not to provoke fear or demonize these majestic creatures, but to better understand the dynamics between humans and apex avian predators. As ecosystems become more fragmented and human-wildlife interactions more frequent, nuanced understanding of these behaviors is all the more important.

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