While milk is widely recognized as a primary dietary source of calcium for maintaining bone health, it is important to understand that bone strength is not solely dependent on calcium. A combination of several minerals and vitamins, many of which are found in equal or greater quantities in various food sources beyond dairy, are crucial for robust skeletal health.

Certain dark leafy vegetables stand out as excellent calcium providers. For instance, kale and bok choy contain high levels of calcium and are low in oxalates, which means their calcium is more readily absorbed and utilized by the body. One cup of cooked kale offers approximately 179 milligrams (mg) of calcium, while one cup of bok choy provides about 169 mg. Beyond calcium, these leafy greens are also rich in minerals like magnesium and vitamin K, which are vital for bone mineralization, protecting against osteoporosis, and reducing oxidative stress within cells.

Canned fish, particularly sardines and salmon when consumed with their bones, are another significant source of bone-strengthening nutrients. Three ounces of canned sardines with bones supply a remarkable 325 mg of calcium, and the same quantity of canned salmon with bones contains 180 mg. These fish also provide vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone cell activity, along with omega-3 fatty acids and high-quality protein. This combination supports bone matrix formation, helps reduce inflammation that can weaken bones over time, and contributes to overall bone strength and osteoporosis prevention.

Tofu prepared using calcium salts offers a substantial amount of calcium, typically around 205 mg per four ounces, alongside high-quality complete protein. It is also packed with other beneficial vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, iron, and manganese. Furthermore, tofu is a good source of isoflavones, compounds known to potentially reduce the risk of heart disease, bone mineral density loss, and estrogen-sensitive cancers, while also improving blood sugar control. The synergy of complete protein and minerals in tofu significantly enhances bone strength.

Nuts and seeds are valuable additions to a bone-healthy diet. Specific examples include almonds, sesame seeds, and chia seeds, all rich in calcium. An ounce (about 23 almonds) provides approximately 76 mg of calcium, while one ounce of chia seeds (two tablespoons) contains 179 mg, and one tablespoon (9 grams) of sesame seeds offers 88 mg. These foods are also loaded with other vital minerals such as magnesium and phosphorus, as well as B vitamins, which collectively help prevent bone weakening and improve overall bone strength.

Edamame, or vegetable soybean, is another excellent choice for bone health. A 1/3 cup serving of shelled edamame delivers about 120 mg of calcium. In addition, it supplies magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins A, E, and K. Regular consumption of edamame has been associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis, particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing early menopause.

Beyond dietary intake, regular exercise plays a crucial role in strengthening bones. The two most effective types of physical activity for building and maintaining bone strength are weight-bearing and strength training. Weight-bearing exercises involve activities performed on your feet, which compel your bones and muscles to work against gravity. Common examples include brisk walking, jogging or running, dancing, stair climbing, tennis, and badminton.

Strength training exercises, on the other hand, involve adding resistance to movement, thereby making your muscles work harder and grow stronger over time. These resistance-based activities also place beneficial stress on bones, which stimulates bone-building processes. Integrating both types of exercise into a routine, alongside a healthy diet, provides a comprehensive approach to maximizing and preserving bone density and strength throughout life.