Artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, sucralose, stevia, and xylitol, are often chosen as calorie-free alternatives to sugar. While they do not spike blood sugar levels, research suggests a complex relationship with overall health, particularly concerning the heart and brain.

For individuals managing weight or blood sugar, artificial sweeteners might seem like a beneficial choice, and in some cases, such as for those with diabetes or obesity, they may be appropriate. However, emerging research indicates that frequent consumption could increase the risk of certain heart problems. A significant 2022 study, for example, linked frequent artificial sweetener intake to a higher risk of cardiovascular issues. Specifically, aspartame (found in products like Equal) was associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events, including strokes. Acesulfame potassium (common in sweets and yogurts) and sucralose (marketed as Splenda) were linked to coronary heart disease. Furthermore, sugar alcohols like xylitol and erythritol, often used in low-sugar beverages and desserts, have also been connected to elevated risks of cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes. It is crucial to note that findings are mixed, and further research is necessary to fully comprehend these effects.

The impact of artificial sweeteners on brain health is also a growing concern. A 2025 study published in Neurology associated regular consumption of artificial sweeteners—including aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, erythritol, sorbitol, and xylitol—with faster cognitive decline. Older studies also suggest a link between high intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and an increased risk of dementia. Experts speculate that these sweeteners might threaten health by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. Beyond cognitive risks, some artificial sweeteners, like sucralose, which can be hundreds of times sweeter than sugar, may disrupt the brain's appetite and hunger signals, potentially heightening cravings for sugar.

Despite the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) deeming artificial sweeteners safe within specified limits (e.g., 23 packets of Splenda per day), experts emphasize that