Health authorities across the UK have issued urgent warnings as a severe cold snap grips the country, with overnight temperatures expected to plummet to as low as -10°C. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has issued an amber cold health alert for large parts of the North East, North West, Yorkshire, and Humber, valid until Saturday morning, while a yellow alert covers the rest of England. Authorities caution that the extreme cold will significantly increase demand for NHS services, particularly among individuals aged 65 and older, due to heightened health risks.

Dr. Agostinho Sousa, head of extreme events and health protection at UKHSA, highlighted that extreme cold elevates the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and chest infections. Additionally, the colder months, with shorter days and drier air, can trigger various health problems that many may not immediately associate with weather changes.

Heart Risks

Research indicates a nearly 10% increase in risk of severe heart attacks (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in temperatures below 0°C. Icy weather narrows blood vessels, restricting oxygen supply to the heart. Professor David Erlinge of Lund University notes that respiratory infections and flu, currently widespread in the UK, further increase this risk. Experts also warn of a potential “quad-demic” this winter, involving flu, COVID-19, norovirus, and RSV.

Lung Conditions

People with pre-existing lung conditions, such as asthma, face doubled risks of emergency hospital visits during winter. Cold air, dampness, and indoor heating exacerbate symptoms by narrowing airways and increasing mucus production. Asthma + Lung UK advises breathing through the nose, wearing scarves, carrying inhalers outdoors, and staying warm indoors with hot drinks, blankets, or hot water bottles.

Dry Lungs

Even those without chronic conditions are affected. Dr. Raj Dasgupta, pulmonologist, explains that cold, dry air stresses the heart and lungs, leading to obstructive (difficulty exhaling) and restrictive (difficulty inhaling) lung issues. Dry air also facilitates viral infections like flu and RSV, even in otherwise healthy individuals.

Joint Pain

Colder months can intensify joint pain, especially for people with arthritis. Studies show patients experience tender joints and increased stiffness in winter. Reduced blood flow to extremities and nerve endings may heighten pain perception.

Skin and Hair Health

Cold outdoor temperatures combined with indoor heating can cause dry, flaky skin and exacerbate conditions like eczema. Dermatologist Dr. Christine Ko recommends daily lotion and humidifier use. Cold, dry conditions also impact the scalp, increasing risk of hair loss and breakage, particularly with low vitamin D levels due to limited sunlight. Experts advise washing hair at 37–40°C and protecting hair from extreme cold.

Seasonal Depression

Shorter days and reduced sunlight can trigger seasonal depression, characterized by low mood, irritability, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Lack of sunlight affects the hypothalamus, increasing melatonin and reducing serotonin, disrupting circadian rhythms and overall mental well-being.

Health authorities urge residents to take precautionary measures, particularly the elderly, individuals with chronic illnesses, and those living alone. Staying warm, monitoring symptoms, and seeking medical assistance when necessary are essential to navigating the cold snap safely