A comprehensive global analysis reveals that functional disability in older adults affects millions worldwide, with nearly half experiencing difficulties performing essential daily tasks. The systematic review, published in BMC Geriatrics, analyzed data from 133,827 older adults across 35 studies to provide the most complete picture of functional disability in older adults to date.

The research found that 26% of older adults around the world have functional disability, affecting basic daily tasks, such as bathing, dressing and walking. In addition, 45% struggle with instrumental activities like meal preparation, grocery shopping and managing medications — tasks essential for independent living.

“Nearly one-fourth of the study participants had functional disability related to basic activities of daily living, while about half experienced disability in instrumental activities of daily living,” the researchers concluded. The study authors suggest this disparity indicates that complex cognitive and physical tasks become challenging before basic self-care abilities decline.

The analysis found that geographic location significantly impacts disability rates. Africa showed the highest prevalence — 43% for basic tasks and 69% for instrumental. Asia had the lowest: 19% and 33%, respectively.”

Age proves a critical factor in functional disability. Adults ages 65 and above showed substantially higher disability rates than those ages 60-65, with rates jumping from 23% to 34% for basic activities and from 40% to 57% for instrumental activities.

Living arrangements also matter. Older adults in institutional settings experienced higher disability rates compared to those living independently in communities — 34% versus 24% for basic activities and 58% versus 43% for instrumental activities.

The study calls for better support systems and early intervention to help older adults stay independent.