This shark-like fish is a predator. As they grow up, they feast on crustaceans, like prawn, and eventually fish. Sawfish use their rostrums to activate a “sixth sense” that detects electric fields. Thousands of tiny pore-like organs in their snouts enable them to pick up the presence of their prey, as all living organisms are surrounded by invisible electric fields. This is called a “distant touch.” Because they don’t rely on sight; they hunt at night.

The largetooth sawfish kills its prey by dismemberment: It moves its rostrum back and forth like an actual saw, stunning and killing it. It also uses this weapon when it encounters the few predators it has, like sharks and saltwater crocodiles.

Adult largetooth sawfish can grow to over 20 feet long. They reach adulthood at 10 years old and live to be roughly 35 years old. Because of their slow growth and low reproduction rate—each litter produces seven to nine pups—their population growth is low. Pups are born covered in a soft tissue so as not to harm the mother, and mating likely occurs in the summer.

Largetooth sawfish can tolerate a range of salinities, or salt levels. Due to this flexibility, they’ve historically been found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world—anywhere the waters are warm. They can be found anywhere from freshwater rivers to salty coastlines. These choice spots are estuarine, meaning the rivers are directly connected to the ocean. Largetooth sawfish have a tendency to live in rivers while they are young, then move out to sea as they mature.

The species used to be found from the Gulf of Mexico all the way down the Atlantic coast of Central and South America, including the Caribbean. It was also historically found on the other side of the Atlantic, along the coast of West Africa. In the Indian Ocean, the species used to be found from the Horn of Africa to India, throughout Southeast Asia, and over to northern Australia.

Their numbers have dropped so much, however, that their range is very limited: In the western Atlantic, to freshwater systems Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala, as well as the Amazon estuary; and in the eastern Atlantic, to a group of islands off Guinea-Bissau and maybe the Congo River Basin. Northern Australia, however, is where the species is surviving best.

Their long rostrums, while an effective tool for hunting and defense, also make them vulnerable, as they’re easily entangled in fishing gear. Accidentally getting caught in fishing nets targeting other fish is one of the biggest threats they face today.

Intentional fishing for their parts is another threat. They are targeted for everything from their skin for luxury fashion to their fins for shark-fin soup to medicine and weaponry. Their fins, meat, organs, skin, rostrums, and teeth are all part of the illegal international trade in largetooth sawfish parts.

They are also losing livable habitat to human development: damming, mining (especially underwater), construction of buildings and transportation, and the pollution that comes from these activities. Climate change is also shrinking available habitat.

They were once present in 75 countries but are now known to exist in only 20. Exact numbers are hard to pin down, but it’s clear their population has dropped dramatically in the past few decades. They are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

Sawfish are protected in 19 countries. The cross-border commercial trade in all species of sawfish is banned under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).

In Australia, the largetooth sawfish’s main stronghold, the species is protected by law at several levels of government and education and awareness campaigns have been teaching recreational fishermen how to safely return them to the water if they catch them accidentally.

Conservationists and researchers are also working with commercial fishermen in Australia to increase the likelihood that accidentally caught sawfish survive. Some bodies of water where they may be found have been closed to gillnet fishing as well.

National Geographic EDGE fellow Alifa Haque is working on sawfish conservation in Bangladesh, focusing on increasing the reporting of accidental sawfish catches at coastal fishing villages. She hopes to modernize the process by creating a cell phone system allowing fisherment to more easily report any largetooth sawfish caught in a net.