Researchers at MUSC Hollings Cancer Center have identified a signaling loop involved in the growth and persistence of leukemia cells – and developed a novel immunotherapy that can disrupt that loop to boost immune function and improve survival. The findings, published in Nature Communications, offer new hope for treating and preventing cancer.

Hollings researcher Sophie Paczesny, M.D., Ph.D., co-leader of the Cancer Biology and Immunology Research Program, led the multidisciplinary research team. Paczesny, a pediatric hematologist-oncologist and bone marrow transplant expert, has spent her career fighting one of the most difficult-to-treat blood cancers: acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

“I’ve seen too many patients – especially children – suffer from AML,” Paczesny said. “Unlike other forms of leukemia that respond well to chemotherapy or CAR-T cell therapy, AML has proven much more stubborn.”

AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of blood cancer. Even with treatment, the cancer often comes back. This high rate of relapse can be traced to leukemia stem cells, a small group of cells that can survive chemotherapy by hiding in the bone marrow. These “hidden” cells then send out signals that both help the cancer grow and prevent the immune system from fighting back.

The new study revealed a key pathway used by these leukemia cells: the loop between a protein called IL-33 and its receptor IL1RL1.

“The more aggressive the leukemia, the more IL1RL1 we saw,” Paczesny said. “And, in AML, it forms a damaging feedback loop. The leukemia starts and keeps growing because of stress that triggers a self-sustaining loop between IL-33 and its receptor, which also creates an immune environment that helps the cancer avoid being attacked.”

To break the feedback loop, the researchers developed a novel immunotherapy using a lab-made antibody. Known as a bispecific antibody, the treatment worked via dual means:

“These leukemia cells have learned to create a protective environment that helps them grow and avoid treatment,” Paczesny said. “We developed a bispecific antibody that can break through that environment and target the cells directly.”

In lab and mouse models, this dual-targeting approach not only destroyed the cancer cells but also removed their protective immune bubbles, making it easier for the body to fight back. The antibody slowed or stopped leukemia cell growth, limited immune suppression and reduced relapse rates. Even in tough cases where leukemia had already taken hold, the new therapy improved survival. And it did so without causing major side effects.

This study showed that targeting the signaling pathway used by leukemia stem cells can lead to better care for cancer patients. The researchers created an immunotherapy that not only killed cancer cells but also disrupted the immune system’s ability to protect them. By blocking a hidden cancer signal, that therapeutic may one day stop leukemia in its tracks.
The promising results offer an approach that could improve treatments for AML as well as other cancers with a similar tumor microenvironment.

“IL1RL1 is expressed in other cancers too: colorectal, lung, ovarian, even brain cancers,” Paczesny said. “This could be a game-changer for many difficult-to-treat cancers.”

The researchers also see the new antibody as overcoming some of the challenges of existing treatments. For instance, its low toxicity could make it safer to use and more acceptable to patients. It is also easier and less expensive to produce.

“Chemotherapy is toxic, and bone marrow transplants can come with serious risks. With immunotherapies like CAR-T cells, you need a customized treatment for each patient, which is expensive and time-consuming,” Paczesny explained. “Our treatment is an off-the-shelf drug. And it targets cells just enough to fight cancer without destroying the whole system. This could mean less time in the hospital, fewer side effects and a better quality of life.”

More work is needed before the antibody can be used with patients, but this study is a major step forward. It could eventually lead to new treatments that target cancer cells at their roots and offer an option when standard treatments fail. The researchers are already working on next steps and are hopeful that Phase I clinical trials are on the horizon.

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Fu, D., Jiang, H., Long, A. et al. Dual targeting of tumoral cells and immune microenvironment by blocking the IL-33/IL1RL1 pathway. Nat Commun 16, 6369 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61567-7

 This work was supported by a National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer moonshot U01CA232491 grant (to S.P. and N.-K.V.C.). S.P. is partly supported by the Sally Abney Rose Endowed Chair in Cancer Stem Cell Biology, and NCI-designated Hollings Cancer Biology and Immunology Program (P30 CA138313). N.-K.V.C. is partly supported by the Enid A. Haupt Endowed Chair and Robert Steel Foundation. The Flow Cytometry core at Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina is partially funded by a National Cancer Institute grant (P30 CA138313). AML PDX study was supported by the DoD E01 W81XWH2210981 (S.P.B.).