O Sacred Head Surrounded
Fra Angelico, Head of Christ
Italian, c. 1430-1440
Livorno, Church of Santa Maria del Soccorso
On Deposit with Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori
"O Sacred Head surrounded By crown of piercing thorn!
O bleeding Head so wounded, Reviled and put to scorn!
Death’s pallid hue comes o’er Thee, The glow of life decays,
Yet angel hosts adore Thee, And tremble as they gaze.
I see Thy strength and vigor All fading in the strife,
And death with cruel rigor, Bereaving Thee of life:
O agony and dying! O love to sinners free!
Jesus, all grace supplying, O turn Thy face on me.
In this, Thy bitter passion, Good shepherd, think of me,
With Thy most sweet compassion, Unworthy though I be:
Beneath Thy cross abiding, Forever would I rest;
In Thy dear love confiding, And with Thy presence blest."
Passion Hymn attributed to Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (12th Century)
English translation by Henry W. Baker (1861)
For many years I have been struck by a variant of the Man of Sorrows theme that focuses just on the head of Jesus, wounded and wearing the crown of thorns. It reminded me forcefully of the hymn "O Sacred Head Surrounded" that has been a favorite since I learned it as a child during my pre-Vatican II parochial school's mandatory rehearsal every Wednesday morning for the Children's Mass which we were all expected to attend on the coming Sunday. And we sang! While many of the hymns we learned in those groggy morning sessions have faded from use, this one has not. It remains a staple of just about every Christian church's Lenten experience.
| Holy Face Italian or Spanish, 15th Century Paris, Musée du Louvre |
For many months I have collected images and background information on the various images of the Sacred Head and a fascinating image it is. However, both in 2019 and 2020 my good intentions for an essay have gone out the window. In 2019 we witnessed the disastrous fire at Notre-Dame de Paris and in 2020 the terrible ordeal of the COVID-19 pandemic, which stiffled my ability to think at the same time as it has confined me to my apartment. The years since have been dominated by increasing pain and immobility, which have limited the amount of time I can spend on fact gathering.
| Petrus Christus, Head of Christ Flemish, c. 1445 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art |
It is, however, appropriate that I share at least some of the images with you this Holy Week. For, one of the great treasures of Notre-Dame is the relic of the Crown of Thorns itself.
Antonello da Messina, Head of Christ
Italian, c. 1470-1479
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Doubtless many readers will scoff and say "The Crown of Thorns!
Really! Is she really serious about that?" And, once upon a time I shared in that skepticism. It seemed wildly fanciful to suppose that such a thing could possibly have been real. However, on more mature consideration I think that it is not completely improbable that certain items associated with the death of Jesus were reverently preserved at the time and specially valued after the Resurrection. In fact, it is actually very unlikely that they were simply discarded at the time.
| Aelbert Bouts, Head of Christ Flemish, c. 1500-1525 Antwerp, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten |
Is it so difficult to believe that someone picked up the crown of thorns when it was removed from his head and kept it? We know from the Gospels that there were people there at the cross who loved him, starting with his mother. Might someone have kept it for her? It seems a very human thing to do.
| Sebald Beham, Head of Christ German, 1520 London, British Museum |
There was once a belief that the description of his being nailed to the cross was an invention, until evidence was found in the skeleton of another crucified individual of the nails used to fix his feet to the cross on which he died. Consequently, might not the nails drawn from Jesus' hands and feet have been preserved by his family?
| Ankle bones of man crucified in 70AD Jerusalem, Israel Museum |
The Crown of Thorns and the Nail kept in Notre-Dame were obtained by Saint Louis/Louis IX in Constantinople, which became the repository of many of the most treasured relics from Palestine and Syria as those areas were overrun by Muslim invaders in the seventh century. Once they arrived in Paris, we know where they were and we also know that thorns from the Crown were removed and given to this church or that abbey all through the medieval period, so that what remains today is the twined branches, denuded of the thorns and encased in a glass and gilt reliquary. Nevertheless, there is really no reason to doubt that the Crown we see today is the same one brought to France by Saint Louis and little reason to doubt that it once was pressed on the head of Jesus. Certainly, the firefighters who fought to retrieve it from the burning church on April 15, 2019 did not.
On Good Friday 2020 (April 10, 2020) the relic was displayed for an hour of veneration in the ruins of Notre-Dame. Due to restrictions on public gatherings due to the pandemic, veneration had to be televised. The event was recorded and may still be available on the KTO-TV YouTube channel.
| The Crown of Thorns in its reliquary Paris, Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris |
On December 13, 2024, a few days after the reopening of the cathedral, the Crown of Thorns was returned to the church in a solemn procession that ended in the blessing of a new, modern setting for it. The Crown, in its glass reliquary, will now be seen suspended in the middle of a golden sunburst, which incorporates gilded cedar wood, crystal and ceramic. In addition, its location has been moved from one of the side chapels to the central apsidal chapel. This puts it in a place of honor at the easternmost point of the main axis, one of the main pivotal points of the cathedral.
| The Crown of Thorns in its new location at Notre-Dame de Paris. |
On January 10, 2025 public veneration according to a set schedule was recommenced.
So, I present today a selection of the larger group of images of the Sacred Head Surrounded by Crown of Piercing Thorn.
| Correggio (Antonio Allegri), Head of Christ Italian, c. 1525-1530 Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum |
| Guido Reni, Head of Christ Italian, Early 1630s Detroit, Institute of Arts |
| Wenceslaus Hollar, Ecce Homo Czech, 1647 London, British Museum |
| Head of Christ Italian, Early 18th Century St. Petersburg, State Hermitage Museum |
| Ivory Head of Christ French, 19th Century Private Collection |
The full essay I was planning will have to wait a bit.
© M. Duffy, 2019, updated 2020, 2021 and 2025.
