A new lexicon has emerged to describe the strange, sometimes bleak contours of the modern economy, its terms of engagement and consequences. From “price walking” to AI girlfriends, here are some everyday dystopian terms to help make sense of today’s economy.

These are job listings created by companies with no intention to fill them – a common frustration experienced by online jobseekers.

“Ghost jobs” are not scams, but rather a manifestation of flaws in the recruitment ecosystem, The Wall Street Journal reported in January. Some companies want to give the impression that they are growing or may keep vacancies open on the off chance that a stellar candidate comes their way.

Such phantom vacancies are not uncommon. According to an analysis of internal data by global hiring platform Greenhouse, between 18 and 22 per cent of jobs advertised in 2024 were vacancies that were never eventually filled.

This refers to the practice of employees working remotely while travelling, without telling their bosses or formally requesting leave.

Quiet vacationers indulge in this practice because of pandemic-driven shifts towards remote work, concerns about voicing their desire for greater work-life balance and wanting to make the most of limited time off.

“Employees are working longer hours in an increasingly competitive job market, while also feeling the urge to fulfil pent-up travel desires post-pandemic,” says Dr Sriram Iyer, adjunct lecturer at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School. “This leads to a trend in which individuals combine work and leisure by taking vacations while still attending to work obligations.”

He also notes that the introduction of the Tripartite Guidelines on Flexible Work Arrangement Requests in April marks a growing recognition of the desire for flexible work that is fuelling the quiet vacationing trend.

These are actions workers take to appear busy without necessarily accomplishing meaningful work.

A 2023 global survey of more than 18,000 desk workers by workplace communication service Slack found that workers surveyed in India, Japan and Singapore reported spending over 30 per cent of their time on performative work, just to keep up appearances.

Respondents also indicated that 43 per cent of meetings could be eliminated without negative consequences. “This could have been an e-mail” is one common meme refrain to such theatre.

This describes people earning above the poverty line, but who are still struggling to afford the essentials. The term was coined by American advocacy group United for Alice to refer to the growing number of Americans who make too much to qualify for social assistance, but not enough to avoid living pay cheque to pay cheque.

One closely related term is “precariat”, which refers to the growing class of workers with precarious employment such as gig workers, part-timers or contract staff, who lack stable benefits or job security.

As at 2023, it is estimated that 70,500 platform workers operate in Singapore, representing around 3 per cent of the workforce. The Platform Workers Act, passed in 2024, mandates Central Provident Fund contributions for platform workers and provides work injury protection.

Singapore does not have an official poverty line, but the 2023 Minimum Income Standard study led by NUS senior research fellow Ng Kok Hoe shows that a couple with two children aged seven to 18 needs $6,693 a month, while a single elderly person aged 65 and up needs $1,492.

Coined by American tech critic Cory Doctorow, “ensh**tification” is used to describe how digital platforms start off as free, user-friendly services, before slowly degrading into advertisement-heavy or paywalled platforms with exploitative designs.

This race to the bottom occurs because platforms initially operate at a loss to attract users, before the company’s focus shifts to extracting shareholder value. The quality then starts to deteriorate when users get locked in with few alternatives. 

Frequently cited examples include the plight of vacation rental platform Airbnb, online dating apps, search engine Google, ride-hailing apps and social media platforms.

“Dark patterns” are deceptive user interface designs that trick users into making choices they might not otherwise make.

Examples include subscription services that are easy to sign up for but tedious to cancel, pre-checked boxes opting you into marketing e-mails, or hidden additional fees and charges revealed only at the payment stage. Other ploys include creating a false sense of urgency or scarcity by implying that a deal might soon expire.

It was reported in 2024 that the Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore has said such “dark patterns” on e-commerce websites will be an area of focus for the organisation’s new policy unit.

Also known as the “loyalty penalty”, this price discrimination practice – sometimes found in insurance, telco plans and subscription services – sees long-time customers paying progressively more over time unless they cancel or renegotiate their plans.

Some jurisdictions, like the United Kingdom and parts of the United States, have moved to ban this practice for insurers.

In Singapore, where fierce price competition has driven down mobile data plan prices, consumers with older plans may be paying more than new customers for worse deals.

Another form of price discrimination. This refers to adjusting prices in real time based on demand and consumer data, most visibly on ride hailing apps’ surge pricing or travel booking platforms.

In practice, dynamic pricing means that what you pay may depend less on cost than what the system thinks you can pay.

In 2024, some Singapore netizens criticised children’s theme park KidZania for implementing surge pricing on ticket sales. Elsewhere in the world, such pricing has been creeping into ticket sales for concerts and festivals.

“Shrinkflation” refers to the practice of manufacturers reducing product size, while maintaining or increasing prices, meaning less chips in a bag or smaller portions of cai fan.

A closely related but distinct concept is “skimpflation”, in which businesses cut back on the quality or availability of their services while keeping prices steady.

In March, Trade and Industry Minister Gan Kim Yong announced a pilot scheme for supermarkets to display unit prices for some common grocery items, such as rice, meat, cooking oils and vegetables. This would mean being able to see the price “per litre” or “per kilogram” for these items, allowing for better comparison.

Once reserved for big-ticket items like smartphones or furniture, interest-free instalment plans are now being offered for vacations, fast fashion and even food delivery orders through Grab PayLater and Atome. Grab now allows you to finance your McDonald’s delivery order over four interest-free payments.

While convenient for managing cash flow, the buy-now pay-later scheme has drawn controversy for having fewer safeguards than traditional credit and encouraging overspending – particularly among young adults. More than 70 per cent of Gen Z people in Singapore used buy-now pay-later services in 2024, according to a report by payment processing firm Worldpay, which also found that such transactions are 70 per cent larger in sum than average credit card purchases.

In 2022, a code of conduct for providers of buy-now pay-later schemes in Singapore was formalised to guard against consumer overspending.

While many artificial intelligence (AI) fears revolve around job replacement, AI is fast gaining ground in an unexpected area: social connection.

A 2024 Stanford University study found that 63 per cent of over 1,000 students interviewed reported that AI assistants like ChatGPT helped to reduce their feelings of loneliness or anxiety.

Part of the appeal of AI systems is how they are cheaper than therapy or dates with other humans and are designed to be non-judgmental. Many also believe they are anonymous while speaking to one.

However, this agreeableness of AI is a double-edged sword, creating personal echo chambers as AI sycophantically agrees with whatever is proposed.

A small industry of AI start-ups has launched to capitalise on the desire for human-AI relationships, with even mainstream players like OpenAI now touting the “friendliness” of their chatbots as a key selling point.

Data brokers are firms that collect and sell personal information. While many Singaporeans use digital platforms for “free”, this often involves terms and conditions which allow platforms to sell user data to brokers.

Such data is then used for targeted advertising, background checks and potentially by scammers and telemarketeers. Social media platforms, e-commerce websites, cashback services and even DNA genetic testing services have been criticised for their collection and sale of user data.

The Personal Data Protection Act provides some safeguards, but many Singaporeans remain unaware of how extensively their digital footprints are bought and sold.

As one popular tech sector adage goes: “If you are not paying for it, you’re not the customer. You’re the product being sold.”

Oxford University Press’ word of the year in 2024 describes the perceived cognitive decline from consuming excessive low-quality algorithmic content.

Dr Samer Elhajjar, a senior lecturer of marketing at NUS Business School, says that while humans may once have had more “boring” time to sit with their thoughts and reflect, this is no longer the case because of the “doomscrolling culture”.

While the impact of this is not yet fully understood, some initial studies with children point to TikTok use being linked to anxiety and worse sleep and memory. While evidence on whether “brain rot” truly exists remains mixed, the term reflects growing anxiety with infinitely scrolling social media feeds and the attention economy.

Real recession indicators are things such as inflation, investors flocking to gold, decreased home sales or companies freezing hiring. 

For netizens, however, the recession indicator meme is used to reframe all kinds of everyday occurrences as ominous signs of a looming economic crash: the return of flash mobs, American pop singer Lady Gaga releasing a new album or someone not offering to split the bill on a date.

For instance, one might joke: “This article about cost-of-living hacks is a recession indicator.”

Analysts predict that Singapore is likely to avoid a technical recession, defined as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction.

This article was originally published in The Straits Times.