South Africa's innovation fund, announced by President Cyril Ramaphosa in the 2025 state of the nation address, was a response to the country's urgent need for inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Evidence from South Africa shows that public financial support for innovation influences the investment that businesses make in innovation.

The fund will focus on providing venture capital to tech start-ups from higher education institutions. In practice, its activities will complement several programmes that offer different forms of investment for innovation. These include the long-standing research and development tax incentives; the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund; and the SA SME Fund.

For these programmes to be effective, it's important to understand the factors that either prohibit or enable innovation activity and innovation in businesses.

The South African Business Innovation Survey provides unique data on innovation activity and performance in the industry and services sectors. It's performed over a three-year cycle by the Human Sciences Research Council's Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators for the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation.

Analysis of data from 2019-2021 provides important evidence for designing effective innovation policy support.

A key finding of the survey was that 62% of South African businesses carried out innovation activities between 2019 and 2021. This was noticeably lower than in the previous (2014-2016) survey round, when the rate was 70%. The reason might be the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many businesses said that they had to make changes to their existing innovation activities between 2019 and 2021.

It is expected that the innovation-active rate may rise again in the next round. (Data for the 2022-2024 reference period will be collected in 2025.)

These results show that support for businesses is more pressing during times of economic crisis. It allows them to adapt and mitigate the negative impacts on their innovation projects.

Less than two-thirds of South African businesses were innovation-active during 2019-2021. In addition, a significant proportion had innovation activities that did not result in product or process innovations.

An innovation-active business is one that undertakes activities intended to result in an innovation. Examples include research and experimental development, training or acquiring new equipment or machinery.

An innovation can be a new or improved product (including goods or services), introduced to the market. Or it can be a new or improved business process, implemented by the business.

Businesses that are innovation-active make a greater contribution to the economy and society compared with businesses that don't innovate. The most recent Business Innovation Survey found that the computer sector had the highest proportion of businesses with innovation activities. It also found that innovation-active businesses had more skilled labour and greater access to external knowledge than other businesses.

Building human capabilities was an important component of innovation activity. Nearly half (47%) of innovation-active businesses reported training as an activity.

Businesses that did not carry out formal innovation activities (such as R&D or patenting), and did not collaborate with other institutions, were most likely to have abandoned or not completed their innovation activities.

Innovations tended to be incremental rather than radical. More businesses with product innovations reported improving existing goods and services rather than making new goods and services available to their customers. Only 10% of product innovators had "new to the world" innovations. Just over 50% had innovations that were new to their business only.

Innovation-active businesses were more likely to sell their goods and services in international markets. Businesses with novel product innovations that were attractive to international markets were likely to be from the technical sectors and acquired more intellectual property rights.

Over a third (36%) of innovative businesses considered the high costs of innovating to be highly important. Competition and the dominance of established businesses were also commonly cited barriers. Just over 40% of businesses that operated in domestic markets only, and innovated by modifying existing products from elsewhere, had more than 50 competitors. Businesses that introduced new-to-market (more novel) products faced less competition.

Innovation has two types of social effects. New goods or services can affect the lives of consumers and end users; and the innovation that happens within a business can have positive impacts on employees.

The survey revealed both effects. The most important outcomes of innovations were improved working conditions, improved quality of goods and services, and improved quality of life and well-being.

Encouraging innovation requires targeted incentives for business. But can the precision of the support be improved?

We make a number of recommendations:

For example, we recommend that businesses that perform R&D and that collaborate with others require interventions to support those activities.

Finally, policymakers should recognise that most businesses aren't able to produce radical innovations. Support should rather help them take smaller innovative steps.

Gerard Ralphs and Katharine McKenzie contributed to the research for this article.

Amy Kahn, Research Specialist at the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, Human Sciences Research Council