Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to people’s health and to economies around the world. Recent estimates of the burden of AMR in the World Health Organization (WHO) European region indicated that, in 2019 alone, nearly 700 000 deaths were associated with or attributed to bacterial AMR. A study estimated that between 2016 and 2020 in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), 70% of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections were healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and the number of deaths ranged from 30 730 in 2016 to 38 710 in 2019. With the current increasing trends of AMR, it also has significant costs, especially for healthcare systems, which could cost the world economy up to 100 trillion USD by 2050 .