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Answer to a written question - Economic impact and management of illegal migration in the EU - E-000894/2025(ASW)

Published 1 week ago1 minute read

The Commission does not have aggregate data concerning the costs incurred by the Member States in relation to third-country nationals illegally staying in the EU.

Estimating the costs of returns depends on a variety of elements. In the case of voluntary returns, the estimated cost should include at least the flight and other transportation costs, the in-cash and in-kind assistance provided to the returnee and, where relevant, a package for the reintegration in the country of origin.

In the case of forced returns, the estimated cost should include at least the cost of pre-removal accommodation, the flight (often a charter flight), the involvement of escorts when necessary, and other special arrangements before, during and after return.

According to an estimate of the European Parliamentary Research Service[1], forced return costs EUR 3 414 per individual, compared with EUR 560 per voluntary return.

The 2020 study of the Commission Joint Research Centre ‘Projecting the Net Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the EU’[2] provides an analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in the EU in the past and the future. No other such studies are planned for the immediate future.

Last updated: 26 June 2025

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