Kenya's longest river, the Tana, is facing an unprecedented crisis as it dries up at an alarming rate, threatening the livelihoods, food security, and energy production for millions who depend on it. The river, which stretches over 1,000 kilometers, has seen its flow reduced by approximately 40%, a historic low that has dire consequences for the region.

The Stark Reality on the Ground

In Mororo Township, the picturesque view from the Makuti Restaurant, with its riparian vegetation and vibrant birdlife, belies the harsh reality. Women and children are forced to dig deep into the parched riverbed in search of water, a stark illustration of the river's decline.

Environmentalist Reuben Alembi points to the impact of climate change, noting that extreme heat accelerates evapotranspiration, causing glaciers atop Mount Kenya to diminish. "Glacier reduction is one of the main reasons behind River Tana’s declining water levels," he stated. Temperatures in the region have soared, with minimal rainfall exacerbating the situation.

Stanley Kabwe, CEO of Makuti Restaurant, highlights the erratic rainfall patterns as a major factor. The river's journey from the Aberdare Mountains and Mount Kenya through 700 kilometers of arid land limits its capacity to retain water, especially during prolonged dry spells.

Ecological and Economic Impact

The lower Tana Basin ecosystem is withering, with the bone-dry riverbed signaling a severe disruption of the region’s ecological balance. The consequences are far-reaching, affecting energy production, food supply, and the survival of vulnerable communities.

The river's reduced flow has significantly impacted residents. Since the Tana supplies 70% of Kenya’s hydroelectric power, the likelihood of power outages is high. The dwindling water levels also threaten domestic water use, fisheries, agriculture, biodiversity, and the raw materials that sustain the local economy.

Mohammed Lokha, a former administrative officer, warns of escalating tensions among farmers and pastoralists due to water scarcity. Farmers with water pumps struggle to extract water, leading to devastating effects on riverside farms and crops. A recent report indicates that 33% of households in Tana face food insecurity, forcing residents to walk long distances in search of water.

Human-Wildlife Conflict

Low water levels have also increased the risk of human-wildlife conflict. Crocodiles, emboldened by the scarcity of water, pose a threat to children. Hippopotamuses are venturing further into the hinterland in search of pasture, increasing the risk of encounters with humans.

Stagnant puddles, which have emerged as the water recedes, are infested with harmful algae, depleting oxygen levels and suffocating marine life.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

Augustine Ruto suggests that mitigating climate change and promoting hardy livestock, such as camels and goats, could provide subsistence and income. Mohammed Abdi supports this economic shift away from fragile cattle breeds.

Dr. Mohamud Hashir Ali emphasizes the need for effective measures against recurring droughts and flash floods, suggesting that harnessing water from laghas (dry river valleys) could enhance food security. He notes that heavy rainfall often transforms these valleys into destructive torrents, which could be better managed for water storage.

The crisis facing the River Tana demands urgent and comprehensive action to mitigate the effects of climate change, promote sustainable water management, and support the communities that depend on this vital resource. Unless immediate steps are taken, the consequences could be devastating for the region's environment and its people.